Refractive errors are vision problems where the eye cannot focus light properly, leading to blurred vision. Myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness) are most common.

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx, typically presenting as a sore throat, especially during colds or infections. It may be viral or bacterial (e.g., streptococcal).

Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that form in the gallbladder. They can be silent or cause pain (biliary colic) and complications like cholecystitis.