Overview
A stroke, also known as a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), is a medical condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This can happen due to a blockage in an artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).
Causes
Ischemic Stroke:
Thrombotic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. The clot may develop in an artery that is already narrowed due to atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries), reducing blood flow to the brain.Embolic stroke: An embolic stroke happens when a blood clot or other debris forms elsewhere in the body (usually the heart or large arteries in the chest or neck) and travels to the brain, blocking a blood vessel.Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Sometimes referred to as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is caused by a temporary disruption in blood flow to the brain. TIAs typically last only a few minutes and don't cause permanent damage. They are often warning signs of an impending stroke.Hemorrhagic Stroke:
Intracerebral hemorrhage: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel within the brain ruptures and leaks blood into the surrounding brain tissue, causing damage and swelling.Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Subarachnoid hemorrhage happens when there is bleeding into the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane (the subarachnoid space), often due to the rupture of an aneurysm (a weakened area in a blood vessel wall).Several risk factors increase the likelihood of having a stroke. These include:
High blood pressure (hypertension)SmokingDiabetesHigh cholesterol levelsObesityPhysical inactivityFamily history of strokeAge (risk increases with age)Gender (men are more likely to have strokes, although women are more likely to die from strokes)Previous history of stroke or TIACertain medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and other heart diseasesUse of illicit drugs such as cocaine
Symptoms
Numbness or weakness: Typically affecting one side of the body, this can include weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg. It might feel like one side of the body is weaker or heavier than the other.Trouble speaking or understanding speech: Difficulty speaking clearly or coherently, slurred speech, or difficulty understanding what others are saying.Confusion: Sudden confusion, disorientation, or difficulty understanding what's happening.Vision problems: Trouble seeing in one or both eyes, such as blurred or blackened vision, or double vision.Dizziness or loss of balance: Sudden dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination, which can lead to difficulty walking or standing.Severe headache: A sudden, severe headache with no known cause, often described as the worst headache of one's life, especially in the case of a hemorrhagic stroke.Trouble walking: Sudden difficulty walking, loss of coordination, or lack of balance.
Treatment: Modern Medicine
Ischemic Stroke:
Clot-Busting Medications (Thrombolytics): If the patient arrives at the hospital within a few hours of the onset of symptoms, they may receive intravenous thrombolytic therapy with medications such as alteplase (tPA) to dissolve the blood clot causing the stroke. This treatment can improve blood flow to the affected area of the brain and reduce long-term disability if administered promptly.Antiplatelet Medications: Drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel may be prescribed to prevent blood clots from forming and reduce the risk of future strokes.Anticoagulants: In cases where the stroke is caused by atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm), anticoagulant medications like warfarin or newer direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be prescribed to prevent blood clots from forming in the heart and traveling to the brain.Mechanical Thrombectomy: For certain large or critical clots, a procedure called mechanical thrombectomy may be performed. This involves using a catheter to remove the clot directly from the blocked blood vessel.Hemorrhagic Stroke:
Surgery: In cases of intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm, surgical interventions such as craniotomy (surgical removal of a portion of the skull) or endovascular procedures may be necessary to stop the bleeding and repair the damaged blood vessel.Medications to Control Blood Pressure: High blood pressure is a common risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke, so medications to lower blood pressure may be given to stabilize blood pressure levels and prevent further bleeding.Supportive Care:
Rehabilitation: After the acute phase of stroke treatment, rehabilitation therapy (such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy) is often recommended to help stroke survivors regain lost skills and improve their overall quality of life.Medications for Symptom Management: Depending on the individual's symptoms and complications, other medications such as pain relievers, medications to reduce swelling, and medications to prevent seizures may be prescribed.
Treatment: Traditional Medicine
Dietary Changes:
Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can support overall health and may help manage risk factors for stroke such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.Some foods and nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, may have potential benefits for cardiovascular health.Herbal Remedies:
Certain herbs and supplements may have potential benefits for stroke prevention or recovery, although scientific evidence is limited. Examples include ginkgo biloba, garlic, turmeric, and ginger.It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using herbal remedies, as they can interact with medications and may not be safe for everyone.Physical Activity:
Regular physical activity can help improve cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of stroke. Activities such as walking, swimming, and yoga may be beneficial.Physical therapy exercises prescribed by a healthcare professional can also aid in rehabilitation and recovery after a stroke.Stress Reduction and Relaxation Techniques:
Stress can contribute to high blood pressure and other risk factors for stroke. Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or tai chi may help manage stress levels.Engaging in hobbies, spending time in nature, or participating in activities that bring joy and relaxation can also support overall well-being.
Caution
Consult with Healthcare Professionals: Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional, such as a doctor or pharmacist, before trying any traditional or home remedies. They can provide personalized advice based on your medical history, current health status, and any medications you may be taking.Potential Interactions: Herbal remedies and supplements can interact with medications or other health conditions. Some herbal remedies may affect blood clotting, blood pressure, or other physiological processes relevant to stroke.Efficacy: Many traditional and home remedies lack rigorous scientific evidence to support their efficacy for preventing or treating stroke. While some remedies may have anecdotal or historical support, their effectiveness and safety may not be well-established through scientific research.
Prevention
Manage Blood Pressure: High blood pressure (hypertension) is the single most important risk factor for stroke. Monitor your blood pressure regularly and work with your healthcare provider to keep it within a healthy range through lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication.
Regular Physical Activity: Engage in regular physical activity most days of the week. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days per week.
Quit Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. If you smoke, seek support to quit smoking, as it can significantly reduce your risk of stroke and improve your overall health.
Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of stroke. Limit alcohol intake to moderate levels—up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.
Manage Diabetes: If you have diabetes, work with your healthcare provider to manage your blood sugar levels through medication, diet, exercise, and regular monitoring. Proper diabetes management can reduce the risk of stroke and other complications.
Manage Cholesterol Levels: High cholesterol levels contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of stroke. Follow a heart-healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, engage in regular physical activity, and, if necessary, take medication to lower cholesterol levels.
Nalamaree Team
